The recent news accounts of cloning and genetic engineering of animals sparked some lively but concerned dialogue. Speculation prompted us to consider a number of potential issues and ultimately to ask the question, ?Is it possible that cloning could produce identical fingerprints?? Every one working in forensic identification has wondered at sometime about the possibility or probability of encountering identical fingerprints. From millions of prints compared and examined, they come to a decision that no two fingerprints from different persons have ever been matched or considered identical. The fingerprint is the pillar of modern criminal identification. In court, the value of fingerprint evidence is critical in making a case, for it alone can serve to either prove or disprove identity. It is the uniqueness and individuality documented by a skilled examiner, which allows positive identifications to be made. Biometrics is inherently more reliable than traditional knowledge based password or token-based (access card) methods of identification :
Biometrics ? Automatic identification of people based on their physical or behavioral characteristics.
Traditional Methods ? Here tokens may be stolen and passwords may be guessed. But biological characteristics cannot be easily misplaced or shared. This authentication requires the person to be present at the point of authentication to provide biometric measurement. Biometrics determines the degree of ?similarity? between the person to be authenticated and the claimed identity, but the traditional method can establish Yes or No only.
Using an automatic fingerprint biometric system, we studied the (dis) similarly between identical twin fingerprints and compared if to the (dis) similarity between two arbitrary fingerprints. We have confirmed the claim that the identical twin fingerprints have a large class correlation, i.e., if one of the identical twin?s fingerprints is a whorl then it is very likely that the other twin?s fingerprint will also be of whorl type. We also analyze the correlation between the fingerprint class and the minutiae matching score between two randomly chosen fingerprints. Finally, we use stipulate the implications of the extent of the similarity in identical twin fingerprints to the performance of a fingerprint based person verification system.
The inputted fingerprint cannot be taken to classification procedure, (immediately after the input process) we have to remove the noises in between and/or on the confusion during classification. A combination of the syntactic approach and the sequential decision procedure could be used to develop an automatic fingerprint classifier. Based on the above-mentioned Henry?s classification we have eight types of fingerprint. Filtering techniques and the enhancement algorithm will process the fingerprint perfectly and make the fingerprint clear, which is now ready for classification. After this it is ready for matching between twin-twin and non-twin to twin. For this we are using tracing algorithm, which gives the minutiae report for each pair of fingerprints. Based on this we can conclude the aimed result that the monozygotic twins have more similarity than the similarity between twin-non-twin, this can also be proved by ridge count. The twins will have (nearly) same ridge count. Thus from the final result we have to come to a decision about the similarity.
Criminology investigations and forensic science labs use fingerprint for identification. Commercial applications like, welfare disbursement, cellular phone access, lap-tap computer login are considering to use fingerprint ? based verification. This is because (i) Inexpensive and compact solid state scanners
(ii) Matching performance is proved
RIDGE FORMATION
Fingerprint is the pattern of ridges on the tip of our fingers. It is considered a legitimate proof of evidence in courts of law all over the world and if is one of the most mature biometric technologies. During fetus development by the month of seven the fingerprints are fully formed. Phenotype is uniquely determined by the interaction of a specific genotype and specific environment. As the skin on the fingertip begins to differentiate the general characteristics of the fingerprint emerge. During this differentiation process, the flow of amniotic fluids around the fetus and its position in the uterus changes. The cells on the fingertip grow in a microenvironment. The growth is slightly different from hand to hand and finger to finger. The differentiation process of cells amplifies the difference. The large number of variations during the formation of fingerprints that if would be virtually impossible for two finger prints to be alike. The fingerprints will not be totally random patterns either, since they differentiated from the same genes. Fingerprint formation process is a chaotic system rather than a random one. Assessing The Identity:
In order to establish whether two prints came from the same finger or different fingers, it is necessary to capture some invariant representation of the fingerprints:
(i) The features, which over a lifetime will continue to remain, unaltered irrespective of the cuts and bruises.
(ii) The orientation of the print with respect to the medium of the capture.
(iii) Occlusion of a small part of the finger, the imagine technology used to acquire the fingerprint from the finger or the caustic distortion of the finger during the acquisition of the print. The first focus of our work is the fingerprint minutiae information. Also widely used finger print similarity measurement is based on minute details, of the ridges. If the relative configuration of ridge anomalies of two fingers is similar, then their minutiae-based similarity is high. Location and densities of the minute sweat pores have also been found to contain information helpful for distinguishing individuals.
Inherited Characteristics:
A number of studies have shown a significant correlation in the fingerprint class (loop, arch, whorl) of identical twin fingers; correlation based on other generic attributes of the fingerprint such as ridge count, ridge width, ridge separation, and ridge depth has also been found to be significant in identical twins. In dermetoglyphics studies the maximum generic difference between fingerprints has been found among individuals of different races. Unrelated persons of the same race have very little generic similarity in their fingerprints, parents and child have some generic similarity as they share half the genes, siblings have more similarity and the maximum generic similarity is observed in the monozygotic (identical) twins), which is the closest genetic relationship.
Monozygotic twins are a consequence of division of a single fertilized egg into two embryos. So they have exactly identical DNA except for the generally undetectable micro mutations that begin as soon as the cell starts dividing. Fingerprints of identical twins start their development from the same DNA, so they show considerable generic similarity. Identical twins are situated in different parts of the womb during development. So each fetus encounters slightly different intrauterine forces from their siblings. As a result, fingerprints of identical twins have different micro details which can be used for identification purposes. It is claimed that a trained expert can usually differentiate between the fingerprints of identical twins based on the minutiae similarity.
G.R. Brindha Shivakumar
Coauthor :T.Chakravarthy Prof. AVVM Sri Pushpam College, Poondi
Reference : EzineArticles.com/?id=325749
Labels: fingerprint-biometrics, fingerprint-car-lock-systems, fingerprint-pattern, fingerprint-training, loop-fingerprint